Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
Death Anxiety among Nurses and Health Care Professionals: A Review Article
2
10
EN
Hamid
Sharif Nia
0000-0002-5570-3710
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Amol, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
pegadis@yahoo.com
Rebecca
H.
Lehto
Department of Nursing, Michigan State College of Nursing, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
rebecca.lehto@hc.msu.edu
Abbas
Ebadi
0000-0002-2911-7005
Department of Nursing, Behavioral Sciences Research Center (BSRC), Nursing Faculty of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ebadi1347@yahoo.com
Hamid
Peyrovi
Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
h-peyrovi@tums.ac.ir
Death anxiety, a negative affective state that is incited by mortality salience, may be experienced by nurses and other health care workers who are exposed to sickness, trauma, and violence. This paper examines death anxiety and management strategies among health providers in different health settings across cultures. A literature review of the research published since 2000 in the English language was conducted using PubMed, Science direct, CINAHL, and PsychInfo databases. Death anxiety is commonly experienced and is associated with more negative attitudes about caring for dying patients and their families. Performing educational and psychological interventions to help nurses build strong coping strategies for managing death anxiety are recommended to offset negative consequences such as leaving positions, poor communication, and decrements in personal health and quality of life.
Anxiety,Attitude to death,Delivery of health care,Fear,Nurses,Thanatology
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40725.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40725_4a62193a0f665be0cb2a448bea11a8e9.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
Using Queuing Theory and Simulation Modelling to Reduce Waiting Times in An Iranian Emergency Department
11
26
EN
Hourvash
Akbari Haghighinejad
Student Research Committee, Department of Community Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Erfan
Kharazmi
Department of Health Administration, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
erfankh2001@yahoo.com
Nahid
Hatam
0000-0001-7738-1970
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Health Administration, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
hatamn@sums.ac.ir
Sedigheh
Yousefi
Research and Development Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
yousefy1986@gmail.com
Seyed Ali
Hesami
Student Research Committee, Department of Community Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
hesami_a@sums.ac.ir
Mina
Danaei
0000-0002-6352-9599
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
m.danaei@kmu.ac.ir
Mehrdad
Askarian
0000-0003-4163-7414
Department of Community Medicine, Shiraz Nephro-urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
askariam@sums.ac.ir
Background: Hospital emergencies have an essential role in health care systems. In the last decade, developed countries have paid great attention to overcrowding crisis in emergency departments. Simulation analysis of complex models for which conditions will change over time is much more effective than analytical solutions and emergency department (ED) is one of the most complex models for analysis. This study aimed to determine the number of patients who are waiting and waiting time in emergency department services in an Iranian hospital ED and to propose scenarios to reduce its queue and waiting time. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which simulation software (Arena, version 14) was used. The input information was extracted from the hospital database as well as through sampling. The objective was to evaluate the response variables of waiting time, number waiting and utilization of each server and test the three scenarios to improve them. Results: Running the models for 30 days revealed that a total of 4088 patients left the ED after being served and 1238 patients waited in the queue for admission in the ED bed area at end of the run (actually these patients received services out of their defined capacity). The first scenario result in the number of beds had to be increased from 81 to179 in order that the number waiting of the “bed area” server become almost zero. The second scenario which attempted to limit hospitalization time in the ED bed area to the third quartile of the serving time distribution could decrease the number waiting to 586 patients. Conclusion: Doubling the bed capacity in the emergency department and consequently other resources and capacity appropriately can solve the problem. This includes bed capacity requirement for both critically ill and less critically ill patients. Classification of ED internal sections based on severity of illness instead of medical specialty is another solution.
Computer simulation,Emergency department,Hospital bed capacity,Length of stay,Queuing theory
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40724.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40724_51714ff5e9e232499472ca43cff239e7.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
Knowledge and Attitude about Andropause Among General Physicians in Shiraz, Iran 2014
27
35
EN
Maliheh
Abootalebi
Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
maliheabootalebi@yahoo.com
Marzieh
Kargar
0000-0002-0107-4461
Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
nedajamali21@yahoo.com
Iran
Jahanbin
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
jahanbii@yahoo.com
Alireza
Amin Sharifi
Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
aminsharifi_ar@yahoo.com
Zahra
Sharafi
Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
sharafiza@sums.ac.ir
Background: Andropause in men refers to the clinical and biochemical syndrome associated with advanced age and characterized by a deficiency in serum testosterone levels. With the increase in aging male population and life span in Iran and focus on quality of life, andropause will become a major health issue that needs to be addressed in order to prevent disability. The results of some research have shown that there is still low level of knowledge and attitude toward andropause among health professionals. This study aimed at assessing the level of knowledge and attitude of general physicians regarding andropause in 2014.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 402 general physicians in Shiraz. A researcher-made questionnaire was developed for assessing the level of knowledge and attitude of general physicians about andropause. SPSS 18 was used to analyze the data, and descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Pearson correlation were applied for data analysis.Result: The mean score of knowledge and attitude about andropause was 29.4 out of 76 and 35.1 out of 45, respectively. The findings showed a poor level of knowledge and positive attitude toward andropause among general physicians. There was a significant relationship between occupational status and knowledge about andropause (P<0.001). There was a statistically significant relationship between attitude and demographic characteristics (P<0.05).The correlation between knowledge and attitude toward andropause was not statistically significant (P=0.548).Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate the need for designing educational interventions to improve the knowledge and attitude of andropause among general physicians.
Andropause,General physicians,Male
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40726.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40726_8e84a33dce00f0032bce62d734b1e453.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
Facilitators and Threats to the Patient Dignity in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Diseases: A Qualitative Study
36
46
EN
Fariba
Borhani
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
faribaborhani@msn.com
Abbas
Abbaszadeh
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
aabaszadeh@hotmail.com
Roghayeh
Mehdipour Rabori
0000-0002-7608-9545
Department of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
rm41321@yahoo.com
Background: Patient’s dignity is an important issue which is highlighted in nursing It is an issue that is highly dependent on context and culture. Heart disease is the most common disease in Iran and the world. Identification of facilitator and threatening patient dignity in heart patients is vital. This study aimed to explore facilitator and threatening patient dignity in hospitalized patients with heart disease. Methods: This qualitative content analysis study was performed in 2014 in Kerman, Iran. 20 patients admitted to coronary care units and 5 personnel were selected using purposeful sampling in semi-structured and in depth interviews. Researchers also used documentation and field notes until data saturation. Qualitative data analysis was done constantly and simultaneously with data collection Results: Three central themes emerged: a) Care context which includes human environment and physical environment, b) Holistic safe care including meeting the needs of patients both in the hospital and after discharge, c) Creating a sense of security and an effective relationship between patient and nurse, including a respectful relationship and account the family in health team.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that care context is important for patient dignity as well as physical environment and safe holistic care.
Dignity,Heart Disease,Iran,Qualitative research
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40727.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40727_5ce498e73370af74cb6c3c495f2f83a2.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
Causes of Incivility in Iranian Nursing Students: A Qualitative Study
47
56
EN
Mostafa
Rad
Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
mostafarad633@yahoo.com
Es-hagh
Ildarabadi
0000-0003-1049-3745
Department of Nursing, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran
ildarabadi@gmail.com
Fatemeh
Moharreri
Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
moharreri@gmail.com
Hossein
Karimi Moonaghi
0000-0003-0496-2306
Evidence- Based Caring Research Center, Department of Medical- Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, and Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
ildarabadie861@mums.ac.ir
Background: Incivility among nursing students is a common academic problem. Knowing the causes of students’ incivility will enable the faculty members and academic institutions to select correct strategies to deal with this problem. This study was conducted to explore the causes of incivility among nursing students from both educators’ and students’ points of view.Methods: This qualitative content analysis study was applied in order to explore experiences and insights of 17 nursing lecturers and 9 nursing students who were selected through purposeful sampling and interviewed on the causes of incivility. Participants were selected among students and lecturers of nursing schools in Khorasan Razavi. The inclusion criteria for the students were having passed one educational term and for the lecturers having one year experience of teaching respectively. Data gathering was done using deep semi-structured interviews starting from March 2014 to March 2015.Results: Three main categories extracted from the data were student related factors, teacher related factors, and organizational factors. Non-educational engagement, attracting attentions, lack of motivation, students’ personality, and lack of experience were the subcategories of student related factors. Subcategories of teacher related factors included lack of skills, teachers’ personal qualities, lack of experience, and incivility of teachers. Finally, the subcategories of organizational factors included no evaluation system for teachers and lack of understanding the organizational rules and regulations.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that factors related to students, teachers, and organization may lead to nursing students’ incivility and clarified its dimensions. In order to develop a civil environment in nursing college, managers and educators’ awareness should be promoted via various ways such as workshops.
Content analysis,Incivility,Nursing educator,Nursing students
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40728.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40728_a95524b082901536bf1e73dcf1c4d06f.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
The Effect of Health Belief Model-Based Education on Knowledge and Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors: A Randomized Controlled Trial
57
68
EN
Maryam
Zare
Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
maryam_zare63@yahoo.com
Fariba
Ghodsbin
0000-0001-5713-5748
Student Research Committee, Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
ghodsbin@sums.ac.ir
Iran
Jahanbin
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
jahanbi@sums.ac.ir
Ali
Ariafar
Urology Oncology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
ariafara@sums.ac.ir
Sareh
Keshavarzi
Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
sheida918@gmail.com
Tayyebe
Izadi
Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Background: Prostate cancer has been reported as the second leading cause of cancer death among men in 2013. Prevention and early detection of cancer are considered as critical factors in controlling the disease and increasing the survival of patients. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of Health Belief Model (HBM)-based education on knowledge and prostate cancer screening behaviors in a randomized controlled trial.Methods: This study was a non-blinded randomized controlled trial. We enrolled 210 men aged 50-70. Balanced block randomization method was used to randomize the final participants who had inclusion criteria into intervention (n=93) and control (n=87) groups. The participants of the intervention group attended training workshops based on HBM. Data were collected using three questionnaires, i.e. demographic questionnaire, Prostate Cancer Screening-Health Belief Model Scale (PCS-HBMS), and the Knowledge about Prostate Cancer Screening questionnaire, all given before and immediately one month after the intervention. Results: The mean scores of the perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits increased significantly after the intervention (P>0.05) in the intervention group. In the control group, such a difference was reported only for perceived susceptibility (P>0.05). The rate of participation in prostate cancer screening in the intervention group increased from 7.5% to 24% and 43.3% one month and three months after the intervention, respectively.Conclusion: Our findings showed that the health education programs designed based on HBM could positively affect prostate cancer preventive behaviors of individuals by improving their knowledge level and leaving positive effects on perceived susceptibility and severity as well as considering the perceived barriers, benefits and health motivations.Trial Registration Number: IRCT2013090911691N3
Beliefs,Early detection of cancer,Knowledge,Prostatic neoplasm,Retirement
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40729.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40729_8853d0c95ea7eca77143a6b5876ad511.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
Comparison of the Hyaluronic Acid Vaginal Cream and Conjugated Estrogen Used in Treatment of Vaginal Atrophy of Menopause Women: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
69
78
EN
Azam
Jokar
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
jokarhs@yahoo.com
Tayebe
Davari
Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
tavedavari@gmil.com
Nasrin
Asadi
0000-0002-2089-8941
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
nasadi2012@yahoo.ca
Fateme
Ahmadi
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
ahmadi_f@sums.ac.ir
Sedighe
Foruhari
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Background: Vaginal atrophy is a common complication in menopause which does not improve with time and, if untreated, can affect the quality of life for women. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the vaginal cream of hyaluronic acid and conjugated estrogen (Premarin) in treatment of vaginal atrophy.Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial on 56 menopausal women with symptoms of vaginal atrophy; they were randomly allocated to two groups (recipient conjugated estrogen and hyaluronic acid). The severity of each sign of atrophy was evaluated by visual analog signals (VAS) and on the basis of a four point scale. Also to recognize the cellular maturation with pap smear and the maturation degree were calculated according to the formula and scores 0-100. As to the vaginal PH, we used PH marker band, the rate of which was divided into 4 degrees. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20, and P≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The results of this study showed that the symptoms of vaginal atrophy compared with the baseline level were relieved significantly in both groups. Dryness, itching, maturation index, PH and composite score of the vaginal symptoms were relieved significantly in both groups (P<0.001). Dyspareunia in Premarin (P<0.05) and hyaluronic acid (P<0.001) decreased compared with pre-treatment. Urinary incontinence only showed improvement in the hyaluronic acid group (P<0.05). Improvement in urinary incontinence, dryness, maturation index (P<0.05) and composite score of vaginal symptoms (P<0.001) in the hyaluronic acid group was better than those in the Premarin group.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, hyaluronic acid and conjugated estrogen improved the symptoms of vaginal atrophy. But hyaluronic acid was more effective and this drug is suggested for those who do not want to or cannot take local hormone treatment. Trial Registration Number: IRCT2013022712644N1
Atrophic vaginitis,Estrogen,Hyaluronic acid,Menopause
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40730.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40730_6d5e3258c7b5743a62d923a945cfcfed.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
Reinforcement Behavior Therapy by Kindergarten Teachers on Preschool Children’s Aggression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
79
89
EN
Shahrzad
Yektatalab
0000-0001-6892-2229
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
shahrzadyekta@yahoo.com
Abdolrasool
Alipour
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
alipour_alipour@yahoo.com
Mitra
Edraki
0000-0002-0274-0980
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Pediatric, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
mitraedraki@yahoo.com
Pouran
Tavakoli
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
ptavakol@sums.ac.ir
Background: Aggression is a kind of behavior that causes damage or harm to others. The prevalence of aggression is 8–20% in 3–6 years old children. The present study aimed to assess the effect of training kindergarten teachers regarding reinforcement behavior therapy on preschoolers’ aggression.Methods: In this cluster randomized control trial, 14 out of 35 kindergarten and preschool centers of Mohr city, Iran, were chosen using random cluster sampling and then randomly assigned to an intervention and a control group. All 370 kindergarten and preschool children in 14 kindergarten were assessed by preschoolers’ aggression questionnaire and 60 children who obtained a minimum aggression score of 117.48 for girls and 125.77 for boys were randomly selected. The teachers in the intervention group participated in 4 educational sessions on behavior therapy and then practiced this technique under the supervision of the researcher for two months. Preschoolers’ aggression questionnaire was computed in both intervention and control groups before and after a two-month period.Results: The results demonstrated a significant statistical difference in the total aggression score (P=0.01), verbal (P=0.02) and physical (P=0.01) aggression subscales scores in the intervention group in comparison to the control group after the intervention. But the scores of relational aggression (P=0.09) and impulsive anger (P=0.08) subscales were not statistically different in the intervention group compared to the controls.Conclusion: This study highlighted the importance of teaching reinforcement behavior therapy by kindergarten teachers in decreasing verbal and physical aggression in preschoolers. Trial Registration Number: IRCT2014042617436N1
Aggression,Behavior Therapy,Child,Mental health
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40731.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40731_c9c750a6407a7850536785be11b0dbc8.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
The Effect of Educational-Spiritual Intervention on the Burnout of the Parents of School Age Children with Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
90
97
EN
Nooshin
Beheshtipour
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
Parisa
Nasirpour
Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
Shahrzad
Yektatalab
0000-0001-6892-2229
Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty Member of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
shahrzadyekta@yahoo.com
Mehran
Karimi
Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
karimim@sums.ac.ir
Najaf
Zare
Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Background: Parents of children with cancer experience high levels of stress and discomfort. Religious beliefs are important sources of comfort and support for many cancer patients and their families. The present study aimed to assess the effect of educational-spiritual intervention on burnout of the parents of the children with cancer.Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 135 parents of children with cancer were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Data were collected through SMBQ (Shirom and Melamed Burnout Questionnaire) from both groups, before, immediately after and one month after the intervention. Educational-spiritual programs were held for six weeks, one session every week. The data were analyzed by SPSS using independent t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA.Results: The results showed that the mean burnout score before the intervention in the intervention group was 4.28±0.61 and in the control group it was 4.23±0.50; most of the parents reported moderate to high burnout. But, there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups immediately after and one month after the intervention (t=10.16, P<0.0001). The mean burnout score in the intervention group was less than the control group. Results also showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of parental burnout in three times of measurements (F=58.62, P<0.0001).Conclusion: This study indicated that educational-spiritual intervention was effective on reduction of the burnout of the parents of the children with cancer. Due to high burnout of most of the parents, offering such a program could be beneficial for them. More studies in this regard are recommended.Trial Registration Number: IRCT2014061818144N1
Burnout,cancer,Parents,Spirituality
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40732.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40732_4c1e3c8c8bab70a3b20e24070e486fd3.pdf
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery
2322-2476
2322-4835
4
1
2016
01
01
The Missing Position in Practice: A Neglected Issue in Community Health Nursing in Iran
98
99
EN
Hossein
Ranjbar
Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
ranjbar091145678@yahoo.com
Amir
Emami Zeydi
0000-0001-8984-3298
Student Research Committee, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
emamizeydi@yahoo.com
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40723.html
https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40723_46c644f50cd922b43e1130ef16dc5534.pdf