Perceived Supportive Paradox After Diagnosing Human Papillomavirus: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Document Type: Original Article

Authors

1 Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;

2 Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;

3 Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most globally-prevalent sexually-transmitted
disease. Many stresses experienced by the patients after their disease is diagnosed affect the disease
progression, and these problems and consequences demonstrate the importance of the support for the
patients. The present research was conducted to explore the perception and experience of support in
patients diagnosed with HPV.
Methods: In this qualitative study, 24 participants (17 patients, 2 spouses of these patients, and 5
health service providers), selected using purposeful and snowballing sampling from April 2019 to
March 2020, underwent an inductive content analysis conducted in dermatology clinic of Shahid
Faghihi hospital, Shiraz, Iran. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews,
all of which were recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed in MAXQDA 2018 until data
saturation was reached.
Results: The patients aged 19-50 years old were married in 14 of the cases and their majority had genital
or anal warts. Their level of education ranged from junior high school to an MSc degree. Perceived
supportive paradox emerged as the main theme which consisted of 2 categories of supportiveness and
lack of support.
Conclusion: The present findings showed many challenges for the patients in the face of contradictory
behaviors by their relatives and health service providers. Integrated systems are required to develop in
order to promote the understanding of health service providers of HPV and counsel the patients to take
appropriate strategies and, therefore, eliminate their confusion and reduce their anxiety.

Keywords

References

  1. Chen J. Human papilloma virus (HPV). The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. 2015. doi.org/10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs226 [online]
  2. World Health Organization.Cervical cancer.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. [Cited 26 March 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer#tab=tab_1.
  3. The Lancet. HPV vaccination: a decade on. The Lancet. 2016;388:438.
  4. Sichero L, Giuliano AR, Villa LL. Human papillomavirus and genital disease in men: what we have learned from the HIM study. Acta Cytologica. 2019;63:109-17.
  5. Jalilvand S, Shoja Z, Nourijelyani K, et al. Meta-analysis of type-specific human papillomavirus prevalence in Iranian women with normal cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer: Implications for screening and vaccination. Journal of Medical Virology. 2015;87:287-95.
  6. Malary M, Moosazadeh M, Hamzehgardeshi Z, et al. The Prevalence of Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection and the Most At-risk Genotypes Among Iranian Healthy Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016;7:70.
  7. Mobini Kesheh M, Keyvani H. The Prevalence of HPV Genotypes in Iranian Population: An Update. Iranian Journal of Pathology. 2019;14:197-205.
  8. McBride E, Tatar O, Rosberger Z, et al. Emotional response to testing positive for human papillomavirus at cervical cancer screening: a mixed method systematic review with meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review. 2020. doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1762106 [online]
  9. Ferenidou F, Salakos N, Vaidakis N, et al. The impact of HPV diagnosis on women’s sexual and mental health: preliminary findings. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012;39:79-82.
  10. Kosenko KA, Craig E, Harvey-Knowles J. Helpful and challenging support encounters in the aftermath of HPV infection and diagnosis. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2012;33:355-62.
  11. Bekele T, Rourke SB, Tucker R, et al. Direct and indirect effects of perceived social support on health-related quality of life in persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care. 2013;25:337-46.
  12. Shrestha R, Copenhaver M, Bazazi AR, et al. A Moderated Mediation Model of HIV-Related Stigma, Depression, and Social Support on Health-Related Quality of Life among Incarcerated Malaysian Men with HIV and Opioid Dependence. AIDS and Behavior. 2017;21:1059-69.
  13. Kavitha R, Jayan C. Role of social support on cancer distress among breast cancer patients. Guru Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences. 2014;2:247-51.
  14. Hsu YY, Wang WM, Fetzer SJ, et al. Longitudinal psychosocial adjustment of women to human papillomavirus infection. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2018;74:2523-32.
  15. Jeng CJ, Lin H, Wang LR. The effect of HPV infection on a couple’s relationship: a qualitative study in Taiwan. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2010;49:407-12.
  16. Huchko M, Adewumi K, Oketch S, et al. ‘I’m here to save my life’: a qualitative study of experiences navigating a cryotherapy referral system for human papillomavirus-positive women in western Kenya. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e028669.
  17. Pereira-Caldeira NMV, Góes FGB, Almeida-Cruz MCMd, et al. Quality of Life for Women with Human Papillomavirus-induced Lesions. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2020;42:211-7.
  18. Leon-Maldonado L, Allen-Leigh B, Lazcano-Ponce E. [Counseling for HPV detection when used to screen for cervical cancer: a qualitative study on the needs of women from Michoacan, Mexico]. Salud Publica de Mexico. 2014;56:519-27.
  19. Galbraith-Gyan KV, Lechuga J, Jenerette CM, et al. HPV vaccine acceptance among African-American mothers and their daughters: an inquiry grounded in culture. Ethnicity & Health. 2019;24:323-40.
  20. Daley EM, Vamos CA, Wheldon CW, et al. Negative emotions and stigma associated with a human papillomavirus test result: A comparison between human papillomavirus–positive men and women. Journal of Health Psychology. 2015;20:1073-82.
  21. Mohajan HK. Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People. 2018;7:23-48.
  22. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today. 2004;24:105-12.
  23. Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2016.
  24. Karimi Rozveh A, Nabi Amjad R, Karimi Rozveh J, Rasouli D. Attitudes toward Telling the Truth to Cancer Patients in Iran: A Review Article. International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research. 2017;11:178-84.
  25. Bennett KF, Waller J, Ryan M, et al. The psychosexual impact of testing positive for high‐risk cervical human papillomavirus (HPV): a systematic review. Psycho‐Oncology. 2019;28:1959-70.
  26. Tzaneva V, Iacob T. A better communcation with the patients improves the management of HIV disease: a nonsystematic review. Clujul Medical (1957). 2013;86:181-4.
  27. Heydarvand S, Behzadifar M, Gorji HA, et al. Average medical visit time in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2018;32:58.
  28. Badiyepeymaiejahromi Z, Ramezanli S, Farzaneh M, Torabizadeh C. Quality of Communication skills of nurses worked at the Hospitals Affiliated to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. 2018;17:275-81.
  29. Zolkefli Y. The Ethics of Truth-Telling in Health-Care Settings. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018;25:135-9.
  30. Diaz ML. Counseling the patient with HPV disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2013;40:391-402.
  31. Matthews T, Baken D, Ross K, et al. The experiences of patients and their family members when receiving bad news about cancer: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Psycho-oncology. 2019;28:2286-94.
  32. Shepherd MA, Gerend MA. The blame game: cervical cancer, knowledge of its link to human papillomavirus and stigma. Psychology & Health. 2013;29:94-109.
  33. Barnack-Tavlaris JL, Serpico JR, Ahluwalia M, Ports KA. “I have human papillomavirus”: An analysis of illness narratives from the Experience Project. Applied Nursing Research. 2016;30:137-41.
  34. Williams SL, Laduke SL, Klik KA, Hutsell DW. A paradox of support seeking and support response among gays and lesbians. Personal Relationships. 2016;23:296-310.
  35. UNAIDS. Eliminating discrimination in health care: Stepping stone towards ending the AIDS epidemic. Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2016.
  36. Zang C, Guida J, Sun Y, Liu H. Collectivism culture, HIV stigma and social network support in Anhui, China: a path analytic model. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2014;28:452-8.
  37. Mayberry LS, Osborn CY. Family support, medication adherence, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1239-45.
  38. Sari DK, Dewi R, Daulay W. Association Between Family Support, Coping Strategies and Anxiety in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at General Hospital in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2019;20:3015-9.
  39. Ayer R, Kikuchi K, Ghimire M, et al. Clinic attendance for antiretroviral pills pick-up among HIV-positive people in Nepal: roles of perceived family support and associated factors. PloS One. 2016;11:e0159382.
  40. Yu YJ, Li X, Qiao S, Zhou Y. Family relations in the context of HIV/AIDS in Southwest China. AIDS Care. 2016;28:1261-8.
  41. Putra INAM, Waluyo A, Yona S. The Correlation between Stigma and Family Acceptance with Religiosity of PLWH MSM in Medan, Indonesia. Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal. 2019;4:123-7.
  42. Janghorban R, Latifnejad Roudsari R, Taghipour A, et al. The shadow of silence on the sexual rights of married Iranian women. Biomed Research International. 2015;2015:520827.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics